2006年全国高考共有19份英语试题:全国卷2份,16个省市单独命题各1份,上海春季试题1份。就19份试题的单项选择(语法和词汇知识)题进行分析,19份试题的单项选择(语法和词汇知识)题有如下特点:
一、知识点涉及面广;
二、动词(短语)的考查是主旋律;
三、知识考点语境化;
四、不谋而合的相同考点;
五、承传“旧”题谱新篇。
一、知识点涉及面广
对2006年19份高考英语试题的单项选择题所测试的知识点进行了统计,不难看出,19份试题的单项选择题对中学阶段要求学生掌握的语法项目都有较完整的覆盖面,而且试题对知识点的考查很细。这就要求考生在复习备考中应注意把握词汇的基本用法和基本句法知识,不能有遗漏现象,不能有侥幸心理,不能顾此失彼。
二、动词(短语)的考查是主旋律
语言学习中对动词的掌握和运用,决定了以动词为中心的语言点往往属于语法和词汇知识的侧重考查范围。2006年全国各省市的高考英语试题中,动词(短语)的考查依然是各地高考试卷中的考查热点。
由表1看出,去年全国各地英语试卷的单项选择(语法和词汇知识)题中,动词(短语)的考查主要体现在时态语态、非谓语动词和动词(短语)的区别三方面。而与动词有关的虚拟语气则考查较少。今年考试大纲明确表示虚拟语气不再是高考考查的范围。
1.在19份试题的290道左右的单项选择题中,时态语态的考查共有35道题,约占总题量的10%。考查最为密集的时态是一般现在时和一般过去时,现在完成进行时、过去完成时和过去进行时三个时态则考查较少,现在进行时没有考查。
2.去年对非谓语动词考查密度很大,平均每份试卷就占2道题。非谓语动词的三大分类(动词不定式、动词ing形式和过去分词)均出现了较频繁的考查,体现最明显的是动词不定式,几乎在近十套试卷里出现,而相对数量少的一类是过去分词。
3.在动词词义区别方面,去年高考试题的单项选择题中所出现的是对一些较为常用但区别又很微妙的动词。比如:全国卷I第22题要求考生区别reach, miss, lose及catch在具体语境中的用法,同样,在该套试题中第27题,要求考生根据语境对damage, hurt, hit及 strike这几个表“破坏”意思的词进行选择;全国卷II第15题,要求区别forbid, allow, follow及ask几个词。总之,动词(短语)的考查在去年的高考试卷中占的比重很大,但试题的难度不算太大,有些短语还在以前的高考题中有所出现,比如辽宁卷中break构成的短语,在2003年的全国卷中就已考查了。那么这些会不会还在今年的试题中出现呢,这就很难说了,但不管怎么说,动词以及动词短语的考查在今年的高考中还会占很大的比重这一点是不容置疑的,所以动词以及动词短语依然应该成为考生在最后阶段复习备考的重点之一。
三、知识考点语境化
虽然单项选择题的重点在于考查语法和词汇知识,但2006年的每份试卷都能做到《普通高中英语课程标准(实验)》所要求的“从语言运用的角度出发,把语言的形式、意义和用法有机地结合起来”,注重基础和语言的实际运用,在语境中考查知识点,实现了知识与能力综合测试的目的。举例如下:
1. 天津卷15题
Finding information in today’s world is easy. The is how you can tell if the information you get is useful or not.
A. ability B. competition C. challenge D. knowledge
2.湖北卷21题
To make members of a team perform better, the trainer first of all has to know their _____ and weaknesses.
A. strengths B. benefits C. techniques D. values
这两道题考查语境条件下名词词语的辨析。
根据微型语境,天津题的空白处应填一个与easy相对应的词语,所以选challenge; 湖北题空白处所填之词应是weaknesses的反义词,故用strengths。
3. 重庆卷31题
I ____ in London for many years,but I’ve never regretted my final decision to move back to China.
A. lived B. was living C. have lived D. had lived
4. 湖南卷24题
I was giving a talk to a large group of people, the same talk I __________to half a dozen other groups.
A. was giving B. am giving C. had given D. have given
根据重庆题的后半句(I’ve never regretted my final decision to move back to China)可得知,“在伦敦居住过多年”是过去所发生的动作,所以用lived填空。
湖南题中后置的定语从句中所表示的动作是在“I was giving a talk to a large group of people”之前,即“过去的过去”之动作,因此用had given。
5.安徽卷27题
—It’s been raining for a whole week. I think it’ll get fine soon.
— . We are getting into the rainy season now.
A.Yes, it will B.Of course not C.It’s possible D.It’s hard to say
6. 广东卷21题
--- Andrew won't like it, you know.
--- ? I don't care what Andrew thinks!
A. So what B. So where C. So why D. So how
这两道题考查交际用语。
安徽题中,第一个人认为it’ll get fine soon,第二个人不太同意这个看法,其理由是:We are getting into the rainy season now,所以选择D而不选择B(其语气太绝对)。
广东题中 A告诉B说Andrew不喜欢某物,B回答说“我才不在乎Andrew的看法如何”。根据I don't care what Andrew thinks一句,空白处用“So what(那又怎么样)?”填空。
四、不谋而合的相同考点
在19份试题的290道左右的单项选择题中,有部分试题所测试的知识点几乎是相同的。现撷取几例
如下:
7.湖南卷第23题
A man cannot smile like a child, _______ a child smiles with is eyes, while a man smiles with his lips alone.
A. so B. but C. and D. for
8.北京卷第34题
He found it increasingly difficult to read, _______ his eyesight was beginning to fail.
A. and B. for C. but D. or
除了更多的用作介词外,for也可以用作连词,意为“因为”。如此用法的for用于书面语较多,一般和前面的主语部分用逗号或分号隔开。它引导的分句对前面的分句加以解释;有时它引起的分句并不表示原因,而是后来发生的情况,从它可以推断出前面说的情况。
9.全国I卷第23题
See the flags on top of the building? That was______ we did this morning.
A. when B. which C. where D. what
10.辽宁卷第30题
makes this shop different is that it offers more personal services.
A. What B. Who C. Whatever D. Whoever
11.北京卷第29题
--- Could you do me a favour?
--- It depends on ______ it is.
A. which B. whichever C. what D. whatever
这三道题都考查了what引导名词从句的用法(分别引导表语从句、主语从句和宾语从句)。what引导名词从句时,其含义相当于the thing(s) that。whatever引导名词从句时,其含义为anything or everything that。
12.江苏卷第24题
This new model of car is so expensive that it is _______ the reach of those with average income.
A. over B. within C. beyond D. below
13.四川卷第29题
---Can he take charge of the computer company?
---I’m afraid it’s ____ his ability.
A. beyond B. within C. of D. to
14.福建卷第23题
Sorry. Madam. You’d better come tomorrow because it’s ______ the visiting hours.
A. during B. at C. beyond D. before
五、承传“旧”题谱新篇
在去年的单项选择题中,有不少题目与往年的高考试题还有着一定的联系,有的甚至可以从往年的高考试题中找到“原型”。举例如下:
16.山东卷第24题
I’d appreciate ____ if you would like to teach me how to use the computer.
A. that B. it C. this D. you
NMET 1998年第8题)
I hate _____ when people talk with their mouths full.
A. it B. that C. these D. them
2003年上海春第31题
I would appreciate it _____ you call back this afternoon for the doctor's appointment.
A.until B.if C.when D.that
it用在hate, dislike, like, love, enjoy, appreciate等动词后,充当形式宾语, 后接一个从句,且从句前不用补足语。“I hate (like, enjoy, love) + it + when从句”表示“我不喜欢/喜欢…”;“I appreciate + it + if从句”表示“我很感激…”。
17.陕西卷第18题
He hurried to the booking office only______ that all the tickets had been sold out.
A. to tell B. to be told C. telling D. told
2004年福建卷第27题
The news reporters hurried to the airport, only________ the film stars had left.
A.to tell B.to be told C.telling D.told
2005年广东卷第31题
He hurried to the station only ______ that the train had left.
A. to find B. finding C. found D. to have found
去年陕西卷第18题与2004年福建卷第27题和2005年广东卷第31题考查的知识点是一样的:“only + 不定式结构”作结果状语。“only + 不定式结构” 作状语是一种惯用法,表示意外的或不想出现的结果。
18.辽宁卷第25题
I was told that there were about 50 foreign students __ Chinese in the school, most __ were from Germany.
A. study; of whom B. study; of them C. studying; of them D. studying; of whom
19.浙江卷第13题
I was given three books on cooking, the first _______ I really enjoyed.
A. of that B. of which C. that D. which
这两道题考查“of + whom / which”引导定语从句的用法。它们与2004年辽宁卷第35题和2005年全国II卷第24题测试的知识点相同。
◇◇单项填空干扰项设计
干扰设计之一:利用思维定势
利用思维定势的影响来设题,这是最容易让考生上当的题。因为考生背记了许多语法规则和词的固定搭配,做题时只注意这些熟悉的语法规则和局部固定搭配,往往在没有完全弄清整个题干意思的情况下就作出了选择,结果当然出错。例如:
1. Which do you enjoy_______ your spare time, playing cards at home or taking a walk in the park?
A. spending B. to spend C. having spent D. to have spent
(同学们对于enjoy后接-ing动词记得很熟,已成定势,所以会不假思索选A, 而实际上此句enjoy的宾语是which, 空白处应填入一个表示目的不定式,故正确选项应为:B)
2.——English has large vocabulary, hasn’t it?
—Yes, _______ more words and expressions and you will find it easier to read and communicate. (2004上海卷)
A. Know B. Knowing C. To know D. Known
(动词放在句首常见形式不是分词就是不定式,同学们很可能因为这定势思维选B或C, 其实正确选项是A, Do sth. and you will…也是一个常见句型。)
3. The day we had been looking forward to ___ at last.
A. come B. came C. coming D. to come
(looking forward to sth /doing sth.也同学们记得很牢的一个固定搭配,故会不加思索选A,其实空白处缺少的是谓语动词,应填B。此句可译为:我们一直盼望的那一天终于到来了!)
干扰之二:利用汉英差异
英汉在表达习惯,思维方式等方面具有很多不同,命题者常利用汉英差异出题。如汉语的“参加”在许多情况下都适用,如参加会议,参加考试,参加解放军等,而在英语中则因不同的宾语用不同的动词,如: take part in the celebration, attend a meeting, join the army, take an exam, join in a discussion
例如:
1.– It’s getting late. I'm afraid I must be going now.
- OK. ______ .(2004全国卷)
A.Take it easy B. Go slowly C. Stay longer D. See you
(按照中国人习惯,同学们可能要选B或C,而正确选项是:D. )
2.Mr. Smith used to smoke but he has given it up . (2004天津卷)
A. seriously B. heavily C. badly D. hardly
(按照汉语习惯,同学们可能要选A或C,而正确选项是:B. )
4. ---What’s made Tommy so upset?
---I believe ____the game. It shocked him so much.
A. for losing B. lost C. losing D. because of losing
(按照汉语习惯,同学们可能要选A或D,而正确选项是:C,因为what是对主语提问.回答部分也应该是名词性短语losing the game. )
干扰之三:利用题干惯性
此种类型的题多以对话形式出现,学生答题往往会借助原题干的动词时态和结构等来判断选项,结果造成错选。 例如:
Few pleasures can equal__of a cool drink on a hot day. (1999全国卷)
A. some B. any C. that D. those
(此句的意思比较清楚: “没有什么快乐能比得上在大热天里喝上一杯冷饮那么惬意”,但同学们在选答时却往往错选D,因为前面有复数名词pleasures,其实a cool drink是单数,指一件事,故正确选项是C。)
2. --You haven't been to Beijing, have you?
--_____.How I wish to go there!
A. Yes, I have B. Yes, I haven't C. No, I have D. No, I haven't
(受题干问话惯性和汉语影响,同学们很容易错选B,其实在英语里无论肯定问句还是否定问句,回答都须根据事实回答,且简略回答要前后一致,故正确选项是D。)
3. —Don't forget to come to my birthday party tomorrow.
—_____ .
A.I don't B.I won't C.I cannot D.I haven't
(因为前面有Don’t forget…,同学们受惯性影响在选答时会错选A,而正确选项是B,“我不会的”)
干扰之四:利用形近义词
把相似、相近的词语或结构放在一起作为干扰选项,使基础知识掌握不牢的考生难于区分。例如:
1. The films made by Disney ______ all over the world.
A.are used to show B.are used to showing
C.used to be shown D.used to show
(used to do… be used to do… be used to doing… 历来是考生容易混淆的短语,此题应选C)
干扰之五:巧设语言环境
命题人在题干中不是很明确地将语言时间或空间背景标示出来,而是比较巧妙地隐含在句子中,稍不注意就会错选。例如:
The price__, but I doubt whether it will remain so. (1999全国卷)
A. went down B. will go down C. has gone down D. was going down
(I doubt whether it will remain so就是很巧妙的语境,说明情况已发生变化,但不知会不会持续下去,故答案是:C )
在我们大体上了解了单项填空干扰项设计之后,让我们再来看看如何解题:
◇◇单项填空解题技巧
1. 注意分析句子结构,确定选择方向
一个句子所使用的标点符号、有无连词,往往起着决定性的作用;而插入语、省略语等,在一定程度上干扰考生的思维。请比较以下各题:
1.George Orwell, _______ was Eric Arthur, wrote many political novels and essays. (2004北京第26题)
A. the real name B. what his real name C. his real name D. whose real name
根据题干中的逗号,但无连词的特点,排除A、C项。再根据定语从句的结构选D。)
2.___________some of this juice——perhaps you’ll like it. (00年北京春季第23题)
A. Trying B. Try C. To try D. Have tried
(根据题中所给信息,可以断定这里的破折号用于解释说明。去掉破折号后面的附加信息,可以看出是个祈使句。故选B)
3.The largest collection ever found in England was one of about 200,000 silver pennies, all of ____ over 600 years old.
A. them B. which C. it D. that
(考生很有可能选B,但仔细分析这个句子,我们不难发现,主句与后面的内容用逗号隔开,而逗号后又不是个完整的句子,不能构成定语从句,只能通过同位语的方式完成句子,所以答案为A)
2.认真分析语境,准确理解和把握信息
在单项填空中,一些词或词组常常含有某个特定的信息,而这些信息往往对分析问题、解决问题起着暗示作用。
例如:
1---- You haven't lost the ticket, have you?
---- ______. I know it's not easy to get another one at the moment. (04江苏)
A.I hope not B. Yes, I have C. I hope so D. Yes, I’m afraid so
(根据答语的第二句“目前弄到一张票很不容易”的信息提示。故选A)
2.Everyone was on time for the meeting -- Chris, who's usually ten minutes late for everything.
A. but B. only C. even D. yet
(Everyone是本句的信息词,说明 Chris 也准时参加会议。故选C)
3正确理解句意,避免定势思维
在学习过程中,尤其是复习阶段,教师往往就一些常见的、重要的词、词组及句型加以反复强调,以加深学生的印象,学生因此而可能形成思维的定势。
例如:
1.We're going to ______ with some friends for a picnic. Would you like to join us? (04北京春季)
A. get in B. get over C. get along D. get together
(考生很可能选择C项,get along with sb.“与…相处”。但根据句意,此处应为“欢聚”之意。故选D)
2.---I can't find Mr. Smith. Where did you meet him this morning?
---It was in the hotel ______ he stayed.
A. where B. which C. the one D. that
(此题最大的干扰项是D,考生很可能把它看作强调结构。但根据句意,它要表达的是“在他呆的宾馆里找到他的”。所以,实际上是在stayed后省略了that I found him,即全句可完整地表达为It was in the hotel where he stayed that I found him。故选A)
4.排除母语干扰,规范英语表达
英汉两种语言在表达上存在很大的差异,考生很可能会用汉语的思维方式去认识和解决英语中的问题,掉入命题人设置的陷阱
例如:
1:—Were all the three people in the car injured in the accident?
—No, only the two passengers who got hurt.
A. it was B. there was C. there were D. there had
(考生很可能误选C。因为,考生想表达“不,只有两个人受伤”,很可能用“There be…”结构表达自己的思想。但是,本句实际采用了强调结构,强调“only the two passengers”故选A。)
2._______, tears came to his eyes.
A. Reading the letter B. He was reading the letter
C. When he was reading the letter D. The letter was being read
(句意要表达的是“读着这封信,眼泪都出来了”,每一个选项都有可能成为考生的选择对象。根据解题技巧1,排除选项B、D。又根据分词的结构特点,排除A项,故选C。)
5.巧用逻辑情理法
单项填空象完型填空一样也要以句意通顺、符合逻辑、符合情理为主要选答依据,切勿在未弄清句意的情况下就因为某些固定搭配而上当误选。
例如:
1.. I’m sorry I can’t help _____ the floor of the classroom.
A. sweeping B. swept C. to sweep D. to sweeping
(can’t help doing 是一个固定搭配,意为“禁不住做…”,同学们很可能因此选A。但是can’t help (to) do也是可以的,意为“不能帮助做… ”, 根据句子的意思,此题应选C.)
6.牢记固定短语及句型还原法
在某些复合句中,被修饰的先行词与定语从句中动词可构成固定短语
例如;
1. That was ____we had in London 3 years ago!
A. wonderful time B. a wonderful time C. wonderful D. wonderfully
(此句可还原为:We had a wonderful time in London 3 years ago.。可看出该复合句中有一固定搭配had a wonderful time(玩得愉快),定语从句中省略了关系代词that。故答案为B。)
2..I am sorry for the trouble I have put you _ the problem.
A. to solve B. of solving C. to of solving D. to have solved
(本题容易误选A。其实,只要能看出复合句中put sb. to the trouble of doing sth.,就可得出答案C。)
7、注意日常交际用语的掌握与应用
高考题目中经常会出现日常交际用语方面的考查内容。做这类题目要特别注意的是中西方文化的差异,特定的语言环境以及习惯用法。以下应该注意的问题
1. 问是否介意及回答,of course/ certainly not; Not at all; I’m afraid you’d better not; I’m afraid you can’t; I’d rather you didn’t actually
2. 介绍及回答, This is …; I’m glad/ pleased to meet/ see you; Glad/ Nice to meet you
3. 表扬及回答, Thank you/ Thanks; It’s very kind of you to say so; I’m glad you enjoy it.
4. 道歉及回答, Never mind; That’s all right.
5. 求助及回答, I’d love/ like to; With pleasure; Help yourself, please; Go ahead, please; I’d like to, but I’m busy now.
6. 主动帮助及回答, It’s all right. Thanks; That’s very nice of you.; No, thank you all the same/ just the same.
7. 成功表达及回答, I’m glad to hear that; Congratulations.
例如:
—Hi, haven’t seen you for ages. You look fine. —____. You look welltoo.NMET1994
A. Great B. Thanks C. Oh, no D. Not at all
在英语中,当听到赞扬时用来回谢对方的常用Thanks或Thank you,不能按照中国人的习惯为了表示谦虚等说“不”“没什么”一类的话。因此,正确答案是B。
总之,高考单项填空题虽说只有15个小题,但是考查内容涉及面广,并突出了综合性和语境化的特点。解题时,应结合语境,灵活使用语法、词汇知识,透过现象看本质,排除干扰项,从而达到分析问题和解决问题的最终目的。